Seismic well tie tutorial hampson russell
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That bandwidth extension is possible under appropriate circumstances should not be a matter of debate: The only question should be the general applicability of a given method. Given an existing data set of a given resolution, any postprocessing steps that can be applied to improve resolution are, if valid, desirable. The best way to accomplish this is to design better data acquisition and to process the data in such a way as to maximize resolution however, the desired resolution may not be achievable given practical constraints. In practice, because many reservoirs or flow units within reservoirs are seismically thin, seismic resolution improvement is often desirable. For such layers, the reflection events of opposite sign from the top and base of the layer cannot be independently mapped, and the time difference between them is generally not sensitive to the actual thickness of a thin layer ( Widess, 1973). A seismically thin layer is commonly defined to be a layer thinner than approximately one-fourth wavelength of the dominant frequency of the data. Due to the attenuation of high frequencies during wave propagation in an attenuating earth, seismic frequency content may not be adequate for seismic interpretation purposes in specific cases. Resolution of seismic data is a function of data bandwidth and dominant frequency ( Widess, 1973 Kallweit and Wood, 1982). Tests of the frequency invention methods and harmonic extrapolation on field seismic data demonstrate that (1) the frequency invention methods modify the original seismic band such that the original data cannot be recovered by simple band-pass filtering, whereas harmonic extrapolation can be filtered back to the original band with good fidelity and (2) harmonic extrapolation exhibits acceptable ties between real and synthetic seismic data outside the original seismic band, whereas frequency invention methods have unfavorable well ties in the cases studied. Synthetic tests suggest that the more complicated the earth structure, the less valid the bandwidth extension that harmonic extrapolation can achieve. Wedge models illustrate the resulting resolution improvement. For blocky earth structures, synthetic tests show that such spectral extrapolation can readily double the bandwidth, even in the presence of noise. This can be accomplished by harmonic extrapolation. On the other hand, under appropriate circumstances, layer frequency responses can be extrapolated to frequencies outside the band of the original data using spectral periodicities determined from within the original seismic bandwidth. Frequency invention outputs may serve as useful attributes, but they should not be used for quantitative work and do not improve actual resolution. Furthermore, synthetic wedge models indicate that the invented high-frequency seismic traces do not improve thin-layer resolution. Tests in extending the bandwidth of low-frequency synthetics using these methods indicate that the invented frequencies do not tie high-frequency synthetics generated from the same reflectivity series. Frequency invention techniques, including phase acceleration and loop reconvolution, produce spectrally broadened seismic sections but arbitrarily create high frequencies without a physical basis. Various postprocessing methods can be applied to seismic data to extend the spectral bandwidth and potentially increase the seismic resolution.